Fine-tuning pre-trained language models (PLMs) achieves impressive performance on a range of downstream tasks, and their sizes have consequently been getting bigger. Since a different copy of the model is required for each task, this paradigm is infeasible for storage-constrained edge devices like mobile phones. In this paper, we propose SPARTAN, a parameter efficient (PE) and computationally fast architecture for edge devices that adds hierarchically organized sparse memory after each Transformer layer. SPARTAN freezes the PLM parameters and fine-tunes only its memory, thus significantly reducing storage costs by re-using the PLM backbone for different tasks. SPARTAN contains two levels of memory, with only a sparse subset of parents being chosen in the first level for each input, and children cells corresponding to those parents being used to compute an output representation. This sparsity combined with other architecture optimizations improves SPARTAN's throughput by over 90% during inference on a Raspberry Pi 4 when compared to PE baselines (adapters) while also outperforming the latter by 0.1 points on the GLUE benchmark. Further, it can be trained 34% faster in a few-shot setting, while performing within 0.9 points of adapters. Qualitative analysis shows that different parent cells in SPARTAN specialize in different topics, thus dividing responsibility efficiently.

数学推理是人类智力的核心能力，在抽象思维和逻辑推理中对机器提出了独特的挑战。最近的大型预训练的语言模型（例如GPT-3）在以文本形式（例如数学单词问题（MWP））编写的数学推理任务上取得了显着的进步。但是，未知模型是否可以处理更复杂的问题，这些问题涉及数学推理，例如表格数据。为了填补空白，我们提出了表格数学单词问题（TABMWP），这是一个包含38,431个开放域级等级问题的新数据集，这些问题需要在文本和表格数据上进行数学推理。 TABMWP中的每个问题都与表格上下文对齐，该上下文作为图像，半结构化文本和结构化表。有两种类型的问题：自由文本和多选择，每个问题都用金解决方案注释以揭示多步推理过程。我们在TABMWP上评估了不同的预训练模型，包括在几次设置中的GPT-3模型。正如先前的研究所表明的那样，由于很少有GPT-3依赖于内在的示例的选择，因此其性能是不稳定的，并且可能会降解为几乎机会。处理TABMWP等复杂问题时，不稳定的问题更为严重。为了减轻这种情况，我们进一步提出了一种新颖的方法，即PresspG，该方法利用策略梯度学习从少量培训数据中选择中文示例，然后为测试示例构造相应的提示。实验结果表明，与随机选择相比，我们的方法在准确性度量上优于最佳基线，并显着降低了预测方差，这验证了其在选择性上下文示例中的有效性。

在回答问题时，人类会利用跨不同模式可用的信息来综合一致，完整的思想链（COT）。在深度学习模型（例如大规模语言模型）的情况下，这个过程通常是黑匣子。最近，科学问题基准已用于诊断AI系统的多跳推理能力和解释性。但是，现有数据集无法为答案提供注释，或仅限于仅文本模式，小尺度和有限的域多样性。为此，我们介绍了科学问题答案（SQA），这是一个新的基准，由〜21k的多模式多种选择问题组成，其中包含各种科学主题和答案的注释，并提供相应的讲座和解释。我们进一步设计语言模型，以学习将讲座和解释作为思想链（COT），以模仿回答SQA问题时的多跳上推理过程。 SQA在语言模型中展示了COT的实用性，因为COT将问题的答案绩效提高了1.20％的GPT-3和3.99％的unifiedqa。我们还探索了模型的上限，以通过喂食输入中的那些来利用解释；我们观察到它将GPT-3的少量性能提高了18.96％。我们的分析进一步表明，与人类类似的语言模型受益于解释，从较少的数据中学习并仅使用40％的数据实现相同的性能。

许多现实世界问题需要综合应用采用合适的抽象，致辞认识和创造性的解决问题策略的多种推理能力。为了帮助推进AI系统实现这种能力，我们提出了一个新的推理挑战，即费银问题（FPS），这是答案只能估计的问题，因为它们的精确计算是不切实际或不可能的。例如，“如果世界上所有的冰融化，那么海平面会增加多少海平面？” FPS通常用于测验和访谈，以发出和评估人类的创造性推理能力。为AI系统做同样的事情，我们展示了两个数据集：1）来自测验和奥林匹克的1K现实世界FPS的集合; 2）一个10K的中间复杂合成FPS的银行，作为较难的真实挑战的沙箱。除问题答案对之外，数据集还包含可执行计划形式的详细解决方案，并提供支持事实，帮助监督和评估中间步骤。我们展示了甚至广泛的微调大规模语言模型在这些数据集上表现不佳，平均估计是由两个数量级的估计值。因此，我们的贡献是几个未解决的AI问题的结晶，以至于我们希望将促进可以推理的建筑系统进一步前进。

我们介绍了一种称为编程拼图的新型编程挑战，作为方案合成的客观和全面评估，并释放Python编程拼图的开源数据集（P3）。每个拼图由短Python程序$ F $定义，目标是找到一个使$ F $返回true的输入。谜题是目的，因为每个人都由其验证者$ F $的源代码完全指定，因此评估为测试候选解决方案所需的$ F $。它们不需要答案密钥或输入/输出示例，也不依赖于自然语言理解。该数据集是全面的，因为它跨越一系列困难和域的问题，从琐碎的字符串操纵问题，经典编程谜题（例如，河内塔），用于采访/竞争编程问题（例如，动态编程），在算法和数学中的长期开放问题（例如，因子）。我们开发基准枚举程序合成，GPT-3和能够解决难题的食盒求解器 - 即使没有访问任何参考解决方案 - 通过从他们自己的过去的解决方案中学习。 Codex表现最佳，解决高达18％的397个测试问题的测试问题，每次尝试和80％的问题占1,000个问题。在一个小的用户学习中，我们发现拼图解决性能和编码体验之间的正相关性，以及人类和AI求解器的难题难度之间。因此，P3的进一步改进可能对许多程序合成区域产生重大影响。

The ability to monitor the evolution of topics over time is extremely valuable for businesses. Currently, all existing topic tracking methods use lexical information by matching word usage. However, no studies has ever experimented with the use of semantic information for tracking topics. Hence, we explore a novel semantic-based method using word embeddings. Our results show that a semantic-based approach to topic tracking is on par with the lexical approach but makes different mistakes. This suggest that both methods may complement each other.

Anomaly detection on time series data is increasingly common across various industrial domains that monitor metrics in order to prevent potential accidents and economic losses. However, a scarcity of labeled data and ambiguous definitions of anomalies can complicate these efforts. Recent unsupervised machine learning methods have made remarkable progress in tackling this problem using either single-timestamp predictions or time series reconstructions. While traditionally considered separately, these methods are not mutually exclusive and can offer complementary perspectives on anomaly detection. This paper first highlights the successes and limitations of prediction-based and reconstruction-based methods with visualized time series signals and anomaly scores. We then propose AER (Auto-encoder with Regression), a joint model that combines a vanilla auto-encoder and an LSTM regressor to incorporate the successes and address the limitations of each method. Our model can produce bi-directional predictions while simultaneously reconstructing the original time series by optimizing a joint objective function. Furthermore, we propose several ways of combining the prediction and reconstruction errors through a series of ablation studies. Finally, we compare the performance of the AER architecture against two prediction-based methods and three reconstruction-based methods on 12 well-known univariate time series datasets from NASA, Yahoo, Numenta, and UCR. The results show that AER has the highest averaged F1 score across all datasets (a 23.5% improvement compared to ARIMA) while retaining a runtime similar to its vanilla auto-encoder and regressor components. Our model is available in Orion, an open-source benchmarking tool for time series anomaly detection.

Recent advances in neural radiance fields have enabled the high-fidelity 3D reconstruction of complex scenes for novel view synthesis. However, it remains underexplored how the appearance of such representations can be efficiently edited while maintaining photorealism. In this work, we present PaletteNeRF, a novel method for photorealistic appearance editing of neural radiance fields (NeRF) based on 3D color decomposition. Our method decomposes the appearance of each 3D point into a linear combination of palette-based bases (i.e., 3D segmentations defined by a group of NeRF-type functions) that are shared across the scene. While our palette-based bases are view-independent, we also predict a view-dependent function to capture the color residual (e.g., specular shading). During training, we jointly optimize the basis functions and the color palettes, and we also introduce novel regularizers to encourage the spatial coherence of the decomposition. Our method allows users to efficiently edit the appearance of the 3D scene by modifying the color palettes. We also extend our framework with compressed semantic features for semantic-aware appearance editing. We demonstrate that our technique is superior to baseline methods both quantitatively and qualitatively for appearance editing of complex real-world scenes.

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as code autocomplete and writing assistance, involve human-LM interaction, but the main LM benchmarks are non-interactive, where a system produces output without human intervention. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (H-LINE), that expands non-interactive evaluation along three dimensions, capturing (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality. We then design five tasks ranging from goal-oriented to open-ended to capture different forms of interaction. On four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21's J1-Jumbo), we find that non-interactive performance does not always result in better human-LM interaction and that first-person and third-party metrics can diverge, suggesting the importance of examining the nuances of human-LM interaction.

Nostradamus, inspired by the French astrologer and reputed seer, is a detailed study exploring relations between environmental factors and changes in the stock market. In this paper, we analyze associative correlation and causation between environmental elements and stock prices based on the US financial market, global climate trends, and daily weather records to demonstrate significant relationships between climate and stock price fluctuation. Our analysis covers short and long-term rises and dips in company stock performances. Lastly, we take four natural disasters as a case study to observe their effect on the emotional state of people and their influence on the stock market.